A host of factors converged in 1970 to spur the growth of the open-shop movement, scaring union construction workers and contractors. Wage inflation, union restrictions, jurisdictional disputes, low productivity and other labor problems had eroded the value of the construction dollar, causing owners to take a more critical look at their procedures. The large industrial contractors that made up the National Constructors Association told ENR in a 1970 cover story that they had lost more than 150 projects representing $7.5 billion to nonunion and open-shop contractors over the previous two years. The unions were worried as well. “Unless we take drastic action to correct certain abuses and practices, we are going to lose more work,” said C.J. Haggerty, president of the AFL-CIO Building and Construction Trades Department.